Al-Syaibani, whose full name is Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Farqad al-Syaibani, was a prominent scholar born in Wasith during the 8th century CE. He made significant contributions to Islamic knowledge, particularly in law and economics. After studying in cities like Kuffah, Makkah, and Madinah, he learned from renowned scholars of his time, including Imam Abu Hanifah and Imam Malik. Al-Syaibani was also a notable teacher, influencing figures such as Imam Syafi’i. His works, especially in the field of economics, such as Kitab Al-Kasb and Al-Iktisāb fi al-Rizqi al Mustathāb, are crucial references for understanding Islamic economic concepts. He passed away in 807 CE, leaving a valuable intellectual legacy for the Muslim community.
Economic Thought of Al-Syaibani
1. Kitab Al-Kasb
In Kitab Al-Kasb, Al-Syaibani thoroughly discusses the importance of work for Muslims, covering various types of employment and work ethics. He counters views that discourage working, emphasizing the need for a balance between reliance on God (tawakal) and personal effort. In contrast, Kitab Al-Iktisab focuses more on household economics, addressing issues like spending, charity (infak), and balanced lifestyles.
Activities of Production (Kasb)
Al-Syaibani explains that kasb, or productive activity, is an obligation for every Muslim. He highlights that earning a livelihood should not only fulfill physical needs but also be done in a halal manner aimed at achieving both worldly and spiritual well-being. He criticizes those who belittle the pursuit of a livelihood, arguing that worldly life should be utilized as a means to attain lasting happiness. Thus, he presents a balanced perspective on life, where both the worldly and the hereafter complement rather than contradict each other.
Wealth and Poverty Issues
Al-Syaibani offers a unique viewpoint on poverty and wealth. He posits that those who are economically stable can focus more on worship and spiritual matters without being preoccupied with worldly concerns. However, he notes that the wealthy are also more susceptible to temptations such as arrogance and extravagance. Nonetheless, he does not outright condemn wealth; instead, he views it as a potential blessing when used for good. Both the rich and the poor have the potential for happiness, provided they manage their resources wisely in accordance with religious teachings.
2. Kitab Al-Iktisāb
Types of Occupations
Al-Syaibani categorizes occupations into four types: leasing goods, trading, farming, and manufacturing. This classification differs from modern economics, which typically recognizes three sectors: agriculture, industry, and services. He favors agriculture, believing it is essential for human sustenance and worship.
From a legal perspective, he divides occupations into two categories: those obligatory for every individual and those mandatory for specific groups. An occupation is considered obligatory for individuals if its absence poses a threat to their well-being or that of their family, such as starvation. Conversely, some jobs are obligatory for certain individuals if they are crucial to the overall economic health of the community.
Also read: How Caliphs Refused Salaries as Public Officials
Division of Labor
Al-Syaibani stresses the importance of job specialization within society. He explains that due to the vastness of knowledge and professions, it is impractical for one person to master all fields. Therefore, cooperation and task division are vital to meet societal needs. In Islam, every occupation should be driven by a good intention, aimed at helping others. For instance, a farmer needs clothing made by a weaver, and conversely, a tailor needs food. Additionally, the wealthy play a crucial role in aiding the poor through charity and job creation. Al-Syaibani cautions that all economic activities must adhere to Islamic law, ensuring they are halal and beneficial to society.
Conclusion
Al-Syaibani, a prominent scholar of the 8th century, made significant contributions to Islamic economic thought through works like Kitab Al-Kasb and Al-Iktisāb. He underscores the importance of work as an act of worship, categorizing occupations into four types, and encourages Muslims to pursue halal means for the betterment of both this world and the hereafter. His unique perspectives on wealth and poverty reveal that wealth can be a blessing when used for good. Al-Syaibani emphasizes the necessity of specialization and cooperation in society, insisting that all economic activities must align with Islamic principles.
References:
- Salidin Wally, ‘Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam Al Syaidaulah dan Abu Ubaid’, Ahkam, Vol. XIV, (2018), 125–44, hlm. 129
- Qoyum, A., Nurhalim, A., Fithriady, M. D. P., Ismail, N., & Ali, M. H. K. M. (2021). Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam. Jakarta: Departemen Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah, Bank Indonesia.